Krukernberg TUMOR DIAGNOSIS

Krukernberg is a malignant tumor of the ovary is a classic will do GIT.  Althougt tract metastases to the pila can arise in other tissues such as the breast. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach, especially in the area of the pylorus, a major source   of the most frequent tumor . Kreukenberg (over 80%) are found on both ovaries, consistent with the nature of these metastases.

Krukenberg tumors can be seen in all age groups, with an average age of 45 years . in united State, cancer that has metastasized to the ovary is only about 1 to 2% of cancers in Japan ovarium. but an increase in the occurrence of Krukenberg tumors is due to an increase in the prevalence of gastric cancer.

In people who have a malignancy nongynecologi, approximately 20% of adnexal masses were malignant, and 60% of them Krukenberg tumors.

MALIGNANT SKIN TUMOR / SKIN CANCER AT AGLANCE ( etiology,sign, symptoms,diagnosis and management of Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma,and Malignant Melanoma )

 Malignant SKIN TUMOR AT AGLANCE

  ( Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Malignant Melanoma )

Definition
Malignant skin tumor is a disease characterized by the growth of skin cells that are not controlled, can damage surrounding tissue and can spread to other parts of the body. Because the skin consists of several types of cells, the skin cancer also vary according to cell type affected.

Epidemiology

Adult skin cancer tend to have increased in number especially in the Americas, Australia and Britain. Based on several studies, those white people are more likely to suffer this type of skin cancer. It is predicted as a result of their frequent exposure (lots of exposure) sunlight. In Indonesia people with skin cancer is fairly small compared to the third-countries, however, skin cancer needs to be understood because in addition to causing defects (damage the appearance) is also at an advanced stage can be fatal to the patient (1).

Malignant skin tumor types that are found throughout the world are basal cell carcinoma (basalioma), squamous cell carcinoma, a relatively non melanoma and malignant melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common. In America, about 800,000 people suffering this cancer every year. 75% of skin cancer are basal cell kanser. Squamous cell carcinomas are found to be what the 200,000 Americans each year. Melanoma is the most rare but cause the most deaths. According to WHO, as many as 160,000 people  suffering melanoma each year and as many as 48 000 deaths are reported each year (3).

Skin Embryology (4)

The skin has a double origin:

(A) the superficial layer (epidermis), formed from the surface ectoderm.

(B) inner layer (dermis), derived from the underlying mesenchyme.

A. Epidermis

At first, the embryo diilapisi by a single layer of ectoderm cells (Fig. 20.1A). At the beginning of the second month, the epithelium is split and formed a flat layer of cells, or epitrikium periderm, on its surface (Figure 20.1B). In the subsequent cell proliferation in the basal layer, forming a third zone (intermediate zone) (Figure 20.1C). Finally, at the end of the fourth month, the epidermis obtain definitive arrangement, and can be recognized four layers (Fig. 20.1D)

DIAGNOSA TUMOR GANAS TULANG ( KANKER TULANG) DAN PENANGANANNYA / MALIGNANT BONE TUMOR (BONE CANCER) AND MANAGEMENT

DIAGNOSA TUMOR GANAS TULANG (KANKER TULANG) DAN PENANGANANNYA / MALIGNANT BONE TUMOR (BONE CANCER) AND MANAGEMENT

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

Definisi Tumor atau  neoplasma adalah kumpulan sel abnormal yang terbentuk oleh sel-sel yang tumbuh terus-menerus secara tidak terbatas, tidak terkoordinasi dengan jaringan sekitarnya dan tidak berguna bagi tubuh.

Tumor tulang atau neoplasma tulang adalah neoplasma yang agak jarang ditemukan. Insidens tumor ganas tulang menempati urutan kesebelas dari seluruh tumor ganas yang ada dan hanya 1,5% dari seluruh tumor ganas organ.  Insidensi dari beberapa neoplasma tulang bekaitan dengan usia, misalnya Osteosarkoma yang terjadi kebanyakan pada anak dan dewasa. Lokasi anatomik juga mempunyai kekhususan, yaitu tersering terjadi pada daerah metafisis panjang, yaitu femur distal, tibia proksimal dan humerus proksimal.

Berdasarkan penelitian ditemukan bahwa pemicu terbesar terjadinya tumor tulang adalah faktor genetika. Gejala awal yang umum berupa nyeri berkepanjangan pada tulang. Nyeri ini bisa jadi muncul sebagai akibat trauma benturan, tetapi bisa juga tidak. Tidak jarang ditemukan penderita pada awalnya justru tidak merasakan nyeri, namun terjadi pembengkakan pada tulang. Uniknya, tumor ini potensial menyerang penderita berusia di bawah 20 tahun.

Klasifikasi tumor tulang, yaitu primer dan sekunder (metastatik). Tumor primer tulang dibagi menjadi tumor jinak (benigna) dan tumor ganas (maligna).

            Neoplasma benigna tulang ditatalaksanai dengan eksisi atau kuretase. Defek tulang ditutup dengan tandur tulang. Neoplasma muskuloskeletal primer yang ganas secara umum ditatalaksanai dengan pembedahan yang biasanya disertai dengan radioterapi dan kemoterapi.