STANDARD TREATMENT OF PATIENTS HIV / AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), WHEN HAVE SURGERY. STANDAR PENANGANAN TERHADAP PENDERITA HIV / AIDS, KETIKA MENGALAMI PEMBEDAHAN (DEFINITION, SIGN, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT)

STANDARD TREATMENT OF PATIENTS HIV / AIDS, WHEN HAVE SURGERY

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

HIV infection is a viral infection that progressively destroys white blood cells and causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). (10) AIDS was first discovered in 1981. (1)
Transmission of HIV infection from mother to child is the main cause of HIV infection in children under 15 years of age. Since HIV became pandemic in the world, an estimated 5.1 million children globally are infected with HIV. Most of these patients infected through transmission from mother to child. Each year an estimated more than 800,000 infants become infected with HIV through transmission from mother to child. And followed by the approximately 610 000 child deaths from the virus. (10)
            In Indonesia, according to the Directorate General of Health Department of PPM and PL recorded 3568 cases of HIV / AIDS at the end of December 2002. There are 20 children with HIV infection who are infected mother. Research conducted Pelita Science Foundation and The Faculty of medicine obstetrics / RSCM during the years 1999-2001 do a check on 558 pregnant women in poor areas in Jakarta, showed as many as 16 people (2.86%) suffering from HIV infection. (10)
Women are contracting HIV infection through heterosexual relations with an infected partner or through the use of drugs, increasing HIV infection in children is due to the result of transmission during the perinatal period (pregnancy, during and after childbirth). Perinatal HIV transmission is a major cause of pediatric AIDS mother - mothers that transmit HIV are usually good and has a number of CD 4 T lymphocytes are normal and do not know if they are infected with HIV. More than 90% of AIDS in children were reported in 1994 occurred because of transmission from mother to child. (10)
 Transmission to the infant can occur during pregnancy, delivery or postnatal through breast milk. The incidence of mother to child transmission is estimated at 20% - 30%. HIV transmission to the fetus if no intervention reported to range between 155-45%. (10)
The risk of transmission in developing countries around 21% - 43%, higher than the risk of transmission in developed countries about 14% -26%. Transmission can occurs during pregnancy, intrapartum, and postpartum. The risk of transmission of most infections occur during labor by 18%, in the content of 6% and 4% after delivery.

BENEFITS TUMOR MARKER FOR EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT RESPONSE AND PROGNOSIS OF MALIGNANCY ( cancer )

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BENEFITS TUMOR MARKER FOR EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT RESPONSE AND PROGNOSIS OF MALIGNANCY.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 

Advancement of science and technology in terms of immunology, bringing progress in early diteksi field of oncology (cancer). Also included in the problem diagnosis, determining prognosis and monitoring of cancer recently much attention is directed to a variety of substances which are supposed to provide clues about the development of malignant tumors and the complications it causes.Identification of the substance is expected to help establish the diagnosis, determine prognosis and predict the course of the disease.

With the development of laboratory technology, particularly developments in biotechnology, is now possible to detect a marker of malignant, not only within the extracellular environment or at the cellular level but also at the molecular level so that the marker for malignant not only used for the above purposes but, in particular markers molecular malignant, are also used to detect residual cancer cells (minimal residual disease, MRD), even in certain circumstances can be used as a predictive factor of malignancy or risk factors.

Because the clinical symptoms of cancer begins with uncontrolled cell growth, cancer as a disease called pathological cells or tissues and organ disease because the cells that grow out of control it can infiltrate the network of organs and interfere with organ function in question. But it is now widely accepted that cancer is caused by the accumulation of abnormalities or mutations of certain genes, because cancer is also called genetic diseases. In addition to causing symptoms that are directly caused by cancer or sebarnya children, the cancer may provide other systemic effects that arise as the body's response to cancer. The symptoms are known as a syndrome that often causes complications paraneoplasia or suffering even worse, because the cancer can also be considered a systemic disease.

Thus, in using and interpreting the results of tumor markers and other clinical laboratory tests for cancer management needs to be understood completely different genetic abnormalities, cell and organ as well as the body's response to cancer.

In general, tumor markers are changes that can be detected and indicate the presence of tumors, especially malignant tumor or cancer.

Serologic tumor markers are defined as products derived from the tumor, where levels of blood is a reflection of tumor mass in the body. At first there was hope, that these products are such a sensitive and specific tests that can be used as a cancer to a particular tumor. In this case the tumor or residif conclusively be determined in a phase of very early, even preclinical. These expectations are not met. Only a few markers so sensitive and specificity that can be used for screening or follow up patients are asymptomatic

The purpose of this paper to be used as reading material, discussion and knowledge about tumor markers for malignancy in the cervix and can be used as the clinical application.

I.1 TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY