BENIGN OR CANCER (MALIGNANT) PAROTID GLAND TUMOR (definition, sign, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, and management

Parotid gland

Anatomy of parotid gland

Parotid gland is the salivary glands are paired, numbered 2. Parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. Each weighing an average of 25 grams and irregular shape, berlobus, color between green and yellow (Yellowish) located below the external acoustic meatus between the mandible and the muscles sternokleidomastoideus.4

Parotid gland varied shape, when viewed from the lateral triangular 50%, 30% of the top and bottom round. Parotid gland is usually shaped like an inverted pyramid with a surface-surface as follows: superior surface of the small, superficial, anteromedial, and posteromedial. Konkav on the superior surface forms associated with the cartilage of the external acoustic meatus and the posterior part of the temporomandibular joint. Here auriculotemporal nerve supplies the parotid gland. Superficial surface covered by skin and superficial fascia containing a branch of the facial nerve aurikuler, superficial parotid lymph nodes, and the lower limit of platisma.4

The anterior part of the gland adjacent to the posterior edge of mandibular ramus and slightly coat the posterior edge of masseter muscular. Posterior part of the gland is surrounded by the ear, mastoid processus, and the anterior edge of the muscular stemokleidomastoideus. The inside of the medial lobe extends into the cavity parafaring, limited by the processus stilomandibular stiloideus and ligament, muscular digastrikus, and carotid sheath. In the anterior lobe is located adjacent to the medial ptetygoideus. Lateral parts covered only by skin and subcutaneous fat tissue. Connective tissue and fat tissue from the fascia of the neck in this gland wraps. Parotid gland is closely linked to important structures around the internal jugular vein and its branches, the external carotid artery and its branches, lymph glands, auriculotemporalis of nerve branches and nerve trigerninus fasialis.4

SENGATAN DINGIN / FROZ BITE DAN PENANGANANNYA

FROZ  BITE

Sengatan dingin

Kejadian sengatan dingin sering terjadi di daerah-daerah  subtropis. Sengatan dingin akan menyebabkan pembekuan jaringan.  kristal  terbentuk es antara sel  dan tumbuh dengan mengorbankan air intraseluler.  Dehidrasi seluler yang dihasilkan digabungkan dengan iskemia karena vasokonstriksi dan viskositas darah meningkat  merupakan  mekanisme cedera jaringan.  Kulit dan otot jauh lebih rentan terhadap kerusakan pembekuan dari urat dan tulang, yang menjelaskan mengapa pasien masih dapat bergerak.

 paparan dingin, yang efeknya dapat diperbesar oleh uap air atau angin. Misalnya, efek dingin pada kulit adalah sama dengan suhu udara sebesar 6,7°C) dan angin 40 mil per jam sebagai dengan suhu udara dari -40°C dan hanya 2 mil per jam angin. Kontak dengan logam atau bensin di cuaca sangat dingin dapat menyebabkan hampir beku sesaat. Risiko sengatan dingin meningkat oleh hipotermia umum, yang menghasilkan vasokonstriksi perifer sebagai bagian dari mekanisme untuk mempertahankan suhu inti tubuh.

Dua cedera terkait, kejang kaki dan kaki perendaman, melibatkan kontak yang terlalu lama untuk dingin dan basah di atas titik beku (misalnya, 10°C). Kerusakan jaringan yang dihasilkan diproduksi oleh iskemia.

BENEFITS TUMOR MARKER FOR EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT RESPONSE AND PROGNOSIS OF MALIGNANCY ( cancer )

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BENEFITS TUMOR MARKER FOR EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT RESPONSE AND PROGNOSIS OF MALIGNANCY.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 

Advancement of science and technology in terms of immunology, bringing progress in early diteksi field of oncology (cancer). Also included in the problem diagnosis, determining prognosis and monitoring of cancer recently much attention is directed to a variety of substances which are supposed to provide clues about the development of malignant tumors and the complications it causes.Identification of the substance is expected to help establish the diagnosis, determine prognosis and predict the course of the disease.

With the development of laboratory technology, particularly developments in biotechnology, is now possible to detect a marker of malignant, not only within the extracellular environment or at the cellular level but also at the molecular level so that the marker for malignant not only used for the above purposes but, in particular markers molecular malignant, are also used to detect residual cancer cells (minimal residual disease, MRD), even in certain circumstances can be used as a predictive factor of malignancy or risk factors.

Because the clinical symptoms of cancer begins with uncontrolled cell growth, cancer as a disease called pathological cells or tissues and organ disease because the cells that grow out of control it can infiltrate the network of organs and interfere with organ function in question. But it is now widely accepted that cancer is caused by the accumulation of abnormalities or mutations of certain genes, because cancer is also called genetic diseases. In addition to causing symptoms that are directly caused by cancer or sebarnya children, the cancer may provide other systemic effects that arise as the body's response to cancer. The symptoms are known as a syndrome that often causes complications paraneoplasia or suffering even worse, because the cancer can also be considered a systemic disease.

Thus, in using and interpreting the results of tumor markers and other clinical laboratory tests for cancer management needs to be understood completely different genetic abnormalities, cell and organ as well as the body's response to cancer.

In general, tumor markers are changes that can be detected and indicate the presence of tumors, especially malignant tumor or cancer.

Serologic tumor markers are defined as products derived from the tumor, where levels of blood is a reflection of tumor mass in the body. At first there was hope, that these products are such a sensitive and specific tests that can be used as a cancer to a particular tumor. In this case the tumor or residif conclusively be determined in a phase of very early, even preclinical. These expectations are not met. Only a few markers so sensitive and specificity that can be used for screening or follow up patients are asymptomatic

The purpose of this paper to be used as reading material, discussion and knowledge about tumor markers for malignancy in the cervix and can be used as the clinical application.

I.1 TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY