DIAGNOSIS SWYER SYNDROME

DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT swyer syndrome

SYNDROME SWYER

DEFINITION
Swyer syndrome, or XY gonadal dysgenesis, is a type of hypogonadism in the karyotype was 46, XY. People are externally female with streak gonads.
There are of gonadal dysgenesis. The "pure gonadal dysgenesis" long (PGD) or F Monica syndrome has been used to describe the set of normal sex chromosomes (eg, 46, XX or 46, XY), as opp
Swyer syndrome is a phenotypic result of gonadal failure to thrive, and therefore is part of a class called gonadal dysgenesis conditions. There are many forms of gonadal dysgenesis.
 Swyer syndrome is an example of a condition in which the external female body obviously brought dysgenetic gonads, atypical, or abnormal. Other examples include the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, partial deletion of chromosome X, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and Turner syndrome.
Swyer syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the failure of the sex glands (ie, testes or ovaries) to develop. Swyer syndrome is classified as a disorder of sex development or DSD, which includes sex development disorder in which chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical abnormalities. Women with Swyer syndrome have XY chromosomal makeup (as boys often do) instead of an XX chromosomal makeup (as girls often do). Despite having the composition of the XY chromosome, girls with Swyer syndrome have seen women and female genital structures, including functional and pussy tube, uterus and tubes. Women with Swyer syndrome lack sex glands (ovaries). Instead of the sex glands, women with Swyer syndrome have "gonadal streaks", in which the ovaries do not develop properly (aplasia) and replaced with dysfunctional scar (fibrous) tissue. Because they do not have ovaries, girls with Swyer syndrome do not produce sex hormones and will not experience puberty (unless treated with hormone replacement therapy). Mutations to different genes known to cause Swyer syndrome. Swyer syndrome usually occurs as a random event, but, in rare cases, it can also be inherited in a recessive autosomal dominant, autosomal, X-linked or Y-linked.

STANDARD TREATMENT OF PATIENTS HIV / AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), WHEN HAVE SURGERY. STANDAR PENANGANAN TERHADAP PENDERITA HIV / AIDS, KETIKA MENGALAMI PEMBEDAHAN (DEFINITION, SIGN, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT)

STANDARD TREATMENT OF PATIENTS HIV / AIDS, WHEN HAVE SURGERY

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

HIV infection is a viral infection that progressively destroys white blood cells and causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). (10) AIDS was first discovered in 1981. (1)
Transmission of HIV infection from mother to child is the main cause of HIV infection in children under 15 years of age. Since HIV became pandemic in the world, an estimated 5.1 million children globally are infected with HIV. Most of these patients infected through transmission from mother to child. Each year an estimated more than 800,000 infants become infected with HIV through transmission from mother to child. And followed by the approximately 610 000 child deaths from the virus. (10)
            In Indonesia, according to the Directorate General of Health Department of PPM and PL recorded 3568 cases of HIV / AIDS at the end of December 2002. There are 20 children with HIV infection who are infected mother. Research conducted Pelita Science Foundation and The Faculty of medicine obstetrics / RSCM during the years 1999-2001 do a check on 558 pregnant women in poor areas in Jakarta, showed as many as 16 people (2.86%) suffering from HIV infection. (10)
Women are contracting HIV infection through heterosexual relations with an infected partner or through the use of drugs, increasing HIV infection in children is due to the result of transmission during the perinatal period (pregnancy, during and after childbirth). Perinatal HIV transmission is a major cause of pediatric AIDS mother - mothers that transmit HIV are usually good and has a number of CD 4 T lymphocytes are normal and do not know if they are infected with HIV. More than 90% of AIDS in children were reported in 1994 occurred because of transmission from mother to child. (10)
 Transmission to the infant can occur during pregnancy, delivery or postnatal through breast milk. The incidence of mother to child transmission is estimated at 20% - 30%. HIV transmission to the fetus if no intervention reported to range between 155-45%. (10)
The risk of transmission in developing countries around 21% - 43%, higher than the risk of transmission in developed countries about 14% -26%. Transmission can occurs during pregnancy, intrapartum, and postpartum. The risk of transmission of most infections occur during labor by 18%, in the content of 6% and 4% after delivery.