SURGICAL ASPECT OF PLEURAL EFFUSION ----- ASPEK BEDAH EFUSI PLEURA / PARU-PARU BASAH ( definition, sign, symptom, diagnosis and management )

Definition

Pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. Pleural cavity is a cavity located between the membrane that lines the lungs and chest cavity.

There are several types of bias fluid gathered in the pleural cavity such as blood, pus, fluid milk and fluid such as high cholesterol.

A. Hemotoraks

Hemotoraks is a state where there is blood in the pleural cavity and is usually caused by trauma / injury to the chest causes are:

a. Rupture of a blood vessel and then drain the blood into the pleural cavity such as the blood that comes from the intercostal vein / pulmonary vessels.

b. Aortic aneurysm leak (a prominent area in the aorta) and then drain the blood into the pleural cavity.

c. Blood clotting disorders.

Blood in the pleural cavity is not opened completely, so it is usually easily removed through a needle or tube.

2. Empyema

Empyema is a condition where there is pus in the pleural cavity, or a bias occurs if the pneumonia and lung abscess spreads into the pleural cavity. Empyema is a complication of bias:

a. Pneumonia.

b. Infection of the injury to the chest.

c. Chest surgery.

d. Rupture of the esophagus.

e. Abscesses in the abdomen.

UROLOGY / PAEDIATRIC SURGERY SERIES : WILM'S TUMOR/ NEPHROBLASTOMA. ( Definition, etiology, stadium, sign, symptoms, diagnosis, and management)

Wilm Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

A. INTRODUCTION

Definition of Wilm tumor is malignant and the most to the five most common renal tumor at the age of the children. These tumors appear most at the age of three years and is rarely found after 8 years of age. There are 250 cases of Wilm tumor ever reported. However, preoperative diagnosis of Wilm tumor in adults is quite difficult. These tumors usually appear as a solid renal mass with or without accompanied by hematuria. This solid mass may be accompanied by the process of cystic degeneration and focal necrosis. Sometimes the radiological picture may resemble renal cysts hemorhagik. These tumors appear in one or two kidneys. (A) (7)

The existence of large masses diabdomen, especially in children aged 1-5 years should arouse suspicion Tumor Wilm. This is an aggressive neoplasm and metastasis to different organs, but to respond to combination therapy. Wilm tumor when diagnosed and get appropriate therapy has a high cure rate is as high as 90%. (A) (7)

Development of diagnostic imaging in recent years also plays an important role in enhancing the efficacy and accuracy of diagnosis of Wilm tumor and it is extremely important in designing the best combination therapy in children. (A) (7)